Booker T. Washington (542 words) Essay Example For Students

Booker T. Washington (542 words) Essay Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington was the main African American whose similarity showed up on a United States postage stamp. Washington additionally was in this manner regarded 25 years after his passing. In 1946 he likewise turned into the main dark with his picture on a coin, a 50-penny piece. The Tuskegee Institute, which Washington began at 25 years old, was the where the 10-penny stamps initially were accessible. The instructors landmark on its grounds shows him lifting an emblematic cover from the leader of a liberated slave. Booker Taliaferro Washington was brought into the world a slave on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Va. His mom, Jane Burroughs, was an estate cook. His dad was an obscure white man. As a youngster, Booker cleared yards and acquired water to slaves tilling the ground. Liberated after the American Civil War, he went with his mom to Malden, W. Va. , to join Washington Ferguson, whom she had hitched during the war. At about age 16 Booker set out for Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, which had been built up by the head of the Freedmens Bureau to instruct previous slaves. He strolled a great part of the way, attempting to acquire the charge to finish the long, dusty excursion to Virginia. For his affirmation test he over and over cleared and cleaned a study hall, and he had the option to win his board by filling in as a janitor. After graduation three years after the fact he instructed in Malden and at Hampton. A previous slave who had become a fruitful rancher, and a white government official looking for the Negro vote in Macon County acquired monetary help for a preparation school for blacks in Tuskegee, Ala. At the point when the leading group of chiefs solicited the head from Hampton to send a head for their new school, they had anticipated that the chief should be white. Rather Washington showed up in June 1881. He started classes in July with 30 understudies in a shanty gave by a dark church. Later he acquired cash to purchase a surrendered manor close by and moved the school there. When of his demise in Tuskegee in 1915 the foundation had approximately 1,500 understudies, in excess of 100 well-prepared structures, and a huge workforce. Washington accepted that blacks could advance their established rights by intriguing Southern whites with their monetary and good advancement. He needed them to disregard political force and focus on their cultivating aptitudes and learning mechanical exchanges. Brickmaking, sleeping cushion making, and cart building were among the courses Tuskegee advertised. Its all-dark personnel incorporated the renowned rural researcher George Washington Carver. The open discussion over satisfactory dark initiative dated from 1895, when Washington was welcome to address a white crowd at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Ga. While underlining the significance of monetary progression to blacks, he over and again utilized the summary, Cast down your container where you are. A few blacks were exasperated by his remark, The most astute among my race comprehend that the disturbance of inquiries of social correspondence is the extremest imprudence. Others expected that the foes of equivalent rights were energized by his guarantee, In everything that are simply social we can be as discrete as the fingers, yet one as the hand in everything basic to shared advancement.

Confessionalism or Memoir The Poetry of Anne Sexton, Sylvia Plath, Essay

Confessionalism or Memoir The Poetry of Anne Sexton, Sylvia Plath, Robert Lowell, and Billy Collins - Essay Example The routine is fine for the spouse, yet the wife feels there could be more to life. The spouse thinks: In spite of the fact that she adores her better half, the spouse wishes it could be extraordinary. The spouse even wishes her better half would leave, become an artist, or even kick the bucket to make her life unique. The hardship of an American farmer’s spouse is clear. The difficult work, absence of thankfulness, and desire for conjugal obligation is unmistakably making the spouse depleted. The American farmer’s spouse is regularly secluded on sections of land and sections of land of land. This confinement breeds the malevolence that the spouse wanted for the husband. The little girl at that point proceeds to contrast her dad with a Nazi. She can never satisfy him. The girl even needed to murder her dad. He kicked the bucket before she could, yet she pondered it. The absence of correspondence because of various dialects is a particular American attribute. This is another American characteristic of portraying the hardship of American life on the shore of Nantucket. The need of angling and taking a shot at the ocean is differentiated by the hazard and passing caused. The Quakers think everything is in God’s will. In this manner the passings brought about by the ocean were supernaturally appointed. The religion is likewise a major piece of American life. Billy Collins utilizes the principal individual in a large number of his sonnets. Despite the fact that the principal individual isn't utilized in â€Å"Winter Syntax†, a solitary man is portrayed on an excursion. The excursion is depicted by freezing cool, the desert heat, lastly as â€Å"shivering, hung in shining ice, a grin will show up in the facial hair of icicles† (Collins). The solitary man ventures to every part of the American scene to finish the excursion which is one idea. The entire depiction of the excursion is tied in with having one idea. This sonnet, in contrast to the past three, doesn't manage demise. These sonnets fall under the term confessionalism. The sonnets are profound considerations that appear as an admission. In â€Å"The

Ethical and Legal System Essay

For a long time medicinal services businesses everywhere throughout the world are known for working under different legitimate system frameworks, which frequently compromise emergency clinics, wellbeing plans just as doctors with extremely serious and hardened assents for any infringement they perform on the guidelines that are set for the social insurance enterprises. For this situation, lawful frameworks in the human services enterprises have figured out how to take out waste in wild social insurance industry frameworks. The lawful frameworks have likewise figured out how to keep up the elevated requirements offered in numerous medicinal services businesses today and not permitting them to ever go down just as looming the dependence that social insurance, ventures may make on private agreements which they do as such so as to get away from the oppression caused because of wasteful gauges (Feldman, 2000). Wellbeing suppliers then again have expansive powers all things considered or exclusively under industry associations that are for the most part upheld by the legitimate frameworks in the human services industry. These forces held by medicinal services suppliers help them to proclaim without cost imperatives the sorts of administrations that patients ought to get to the detriment of the general public. Under the lawful framework in the medicinal services industry, certain circumstances particularly those that include the prosperity and physical wellbeing comparable to the personal satisfaction sparing determination just as their accessibility are the most widely recognized convincing subjects that greater part of juries and judges generally face. In the American financial action, the yearly portrayal of social insurance is around $ 2 trillion. The costs spread developments under determination in medical procedure, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. There is likewise substantial government association in the human services industry. Also, various troublesome issues that incorporate consumption, singular rights and value regularly bring about the fascination of consideration from the general population and incessant discussions and this is basically in light of the fact that this industry establishes such a quickly part of the American economy (Feldman, 2000). This paper will concentrate on Premier Inc. an association in the social insurance industry, talking about its moral and legitimate frameworks just as the qualities and shortcomings of these frameworks accessible at Premier Inc. Chief Inc. is one of the vital human services coalition associations in United States today. It is possessed by at any rate 200 driving medicinal services frameworks and emergency clinics in America and its tasks are for the most part associated with right around 1,500 medical clinics just as other social insurance destinations. Likewise, Premier Inc. rovides assets that aid the conveyance of human services benefits in zones, for example, near information, protection, bunch buying, benchmarking just as gracefully chain improvement. Its primary objective is to improve the communities’ wellbeing and delivers across the nation information with the point of improving nearby medicinal services (Voien, 2000). This is done through social affair budgetary and clinical information from its sorting out panels just as over medical clinics that are its individuals so as to aid choices for supporting workshops, meetings and union with the fundamental reason for sharing the accessible practices that are acceptable and successful. Accordingly, Premier Inc. can unite any disorganized, wasteful and divided human services framework henceforth empowering the arrangement of top notch benefits in medicinal services industry at any rate costs. Realities are likewise applied by Premier so as to realize best items and practices which bring about patient results that are of high caliber. The association shows its responsibility in improving its operational and clinical presentation by offering help to its individuals and giving execution informatics, flexibly chain administration, protection programs, assets that identify with execution improvement just as gathering buying programs. The organization’s central station is situated in San Diego with its workplaces in Washington, D. C. Chicago and Charlotte Premier Inc. is additionally committed to satisfying three of its six pointers and perhaps the best marker in its example is the Code of Conduct in the organization, which is exhaustive just as simple to follow (Voien, 2000). Among the issues that the code features remember the rules for the irreconcilable situation in the organization, through this code, representatives are frequently told on the best way to contact the administrator of the Ethics Compliance. What's more, individuals who call the supervisor are sure since, their telephone numbers are not shown as the association has a potential telephone infringement code. The association is additionally dedicated in giving the best work environments in United States and this is generally done by the company’s endeavors in making a hierarchical culture which targets remunerating representatives, conduct that is esteem based, preparing which is fundamental in helping representatives to accomplish their most extreme maximum capacity, compensating assignments just as criticism. Representatives at Premier are likewise approached with deference and this is generally done by regarding their protection, regarding the employees’ classification records and furthermore expecting to help the desires of their representatives particularly those that are identified with their work. (Voien, 2000). Representatives at Premier are additionally earnestly educated on any issues that influence them and tuning in to their interests and thoughts that they suggest. The association likewise shows its responsibility in advancing and securing the wellbeing and soundness of the entirety of its workers and it denies any utilization of unlawful medications by its representatives. An excusal is given to anybody discovered having, utilizing or in any event, selling illicit medications anyplace inside the company’s property. Chief Inc. of the United States has a few obligations that it intends to give to its representatives just as patients in America. The association expects to successfully utilize the accessible assets of the association so as to help the entirety of its individuals. In cases whereby there is rise of contentions in the association, Premier has its obligation concentrated on the evasion of any irreconcilable situations. The association likewise targets directing its business with a great deal of honesty, looking for direction in circumstances whereby the association is uncertain of how to approach a looming issue and finally the association additionally has the duty of revealing any strategic policies that are unsuitable in the association. For example, chief has been meaning to actualize the organization’s new implicit rules of Group buying since mid 2002 (Voien, 2000). Moreover, Premier association has various moral principles that help in its ordinary activities. Among its moral norms incorporate the honesty of the undertaking and all people at Premier. Another moral standard alludes to the production of genuine worth that worries the partners just as heading the spot and a predisposition for any activity and execution enthusiasm and furthermore advancements at Premier. This implies the organization targets looking for various advancement openings, starting any change which is important just as facing challenges. In conclusion, centering individuals through regarding and demonstrating worries for every one of its representatives, foundation of associations with the whole network by building coordinated effort and this likewise applies to Premier’s business partners, laborers and clients is additionally a moral standard at Premier (Voien, 2000). In its morals strategy, Premier urges every one of its workers to practice confidence that is acceptable in nature while undertaking every one of their obligations including different obligations. They ought to likewise manage the entirety of the company’s undertakings financially and sincerely just as completing best consideration, judgment and ability in order to profit the organization. Moreover, Premier Company disallows any exercises that representatives might be completing with the point of picking up their own bit of leeway either in the manner that they utilize their situations in the association or additionally the information that they gain while still at the association and this likewise applies to monetary profits. The association likewise asks every one of its workers to complete their obligations just as acts and these ought to hold fast to the wellbeing of the organization. So as to guarantee that the organization is submitted in setting up best strategic approaches that are moral, Premier has decided to impart to partners and furthermore giving significant data which is helpful to them particularly in comprehension the organization’s responsibility in giving elevated requirements of lead. In addition, Premier helps the entirety of its workers by giving them extra direction that will help them in dynamic which is moral. In 2002, Premier initiated an Ethics And consistence program whose fundamental goal was to show the company’s solid duty in giving exclusive expectations as relate lead in the association and this is for the most part done so as to safeguard the notoriety that the organization holds just as improving the nature of the administration conveyance in the medicinal services framework that is offered to the network (Feldman, 2000). This program is a result of the considerable number of representatives in the organization who regularly work so as to try the company’s standards. There other will be different units at Premier that strive to guarantee that the elevated expectations that identify with the company’s lead are very much implanted in numerous business exercises that happen at Premier. They incorporate Human assets, Advocacy, Legal, Corporate interchanges just as morals and consistence units among others. The focal help for the program is given by the morals and consistence office that frequently with workers, providers, proprietor individuals just as the senior administration at Premier so as to guarantee that premier’s strategic approaches can continually satisfy every one of those guidelines that are set in the current Group Purchasing Code of direct at Premier just as the Guidelines of the Business C

Research And Describe What Is Financial Distress - 550 Words

Research And Describe What Is Financial Distress? (Essay Sample) Content: 1. What is financial distress?The definition of the above term has been termed as difficult due to myriad causes of financial distress. However, it can be defined as a situation in which a business is unable to pay its financial debts because its current assets cannot enable it to meet these obligations. There are different issues that can cause a corporation that fall into distress. The causes however are not precise and cannot be limited to an outline of causes because they are many. However some of them include those of: a reduction in dividends, it may also cause the closing of the plant, increased losses, lay off, resignations and a drop in the value of the shares (Ross, 2012).However there are various warning signals that your business may be in financial distress. These are those of: poor profits, these indicate that the entity is likely not to raise enough money for its operation and as a consequence will end up borrowing the money. This increases the risk of the company becoming bankrupt which is one of the consequences of financial distress (Kagunya, 2015).The other indicator of financial distress is poor growth in the sale or a plummeting of the same. This shows that the market is not convinced of the product and the consequences is failure of the business. In addition, is the poor quality of products this causes the customers to purchase competing products and thus causing distress to your business. Low current ratio which may be contributed by slow paying debtors is another lacuna which results in distress of your entity (Kagunya, 2015.). An increased reliance on one particular individual among the directors to make decision is another indicator that the business is financial distress. This director or manager may make decisions which may be consequential for the entity.Another indication is increased constant borrowing to cover for short term shortages while the company is in operation. This occurs mostly to the highly levered fi rms which ultimately fall into bankruptcy (Wilkinson, 2013).2. what happens in financial distress?Once financial distress occurs to a company there are many consequences that follow which are majorly the consequences of the distress. These include: expansion policies which includes the expansion of the assets of a business entity and this is done by acquiring another business or increasing the size of its assets (Ross, 2012).The other step that a company can take is the operation reduction strategy where a company takes step to focus on its profitable business only and reduces the operations costs for other business that it considers non-viable. This is done to reduce the liabilities that may accumulate as a result of continuing to operate the loss making ventures.The entities may also take the steps of revising their financial policies. These may include cutting on dividends, issuing debt securities to reduce the financial burden (Ross, 2012). The owners may oopt for an external c ontrol activity and this may be via the selling of their share capital to a more economically endowed investor. This changes the strategy as was demonstrated by the almost bankruptcy situation of the Celtic Football Club that led Fergus McCann to buy out the Club turning it around to profitable(Ross, 2012). This point may also be coupled with that of changing the management which of course changes the strategy of running the entity.Finally the company or the business can be wound up. This may be followed by winding up costs and is largely undesirable. This is caused by the business not calculating the risk associated with constant borrowing as noted by Wilkinson (2013). The consequence of distress is loss of reputation and vulnerability to absurd business gimmicks of the competitors. Conflicts of interests also arise with the owners of the business in fright to invest in further risky business whereas the creditors may really be willing the risk to be taken up (Wilkinson, 2013).3. Examples of companies undergoing financial distress?Some of the well known brand that are in financial distress include: office max, the company has been hit very hard economically with the computerised offices being founded. As a result, the company has been making losses in millions. To curb this situation there has been a proposal for a merger with Staples for an amount in excess of six billion dollars.S...

Cuauhtémoc, Last Emperor of the Aztecs

Essay on Rap Music - 2280 Words

Rap is a popular type of music in todays society, but it didnt just come to be. In the 1970s rap emerged from other types of music to become what it is today. Rap is influenced and inspired by other types of music. Its influences are closely related to each other. Rap music has derived from various types of music. In a world in which people are constantly confronted with violent acts such as rape, assault, murder, school shootings and other violences, society is eager and anxious to find and remove all causes of these cultural ills. All the blame can not be put on one particular thing but a heavier degree of blame can be put on one thing. Some of the violent acts listed above are expressed through music. Gangster rap, which followed†¦show more content†¦Style and originality were important in writing. Graffiti writing wasnt just an act of fun. It was taken very seriously. By the late 1970s graffiti writing could be found on subway cars, trains, buildings and any other large objects that would allow it to be widely visible. Jamaican music and hip hop can be referred to as cousins. One style of Jamaican music is called toasting. At first Jamaican toasting began when DJs would toast over the music they played with simple slogans to encourage the dancers. Some of these simple slogans were Work it, Work it and Move it up (qtd in Rhodes). The term toast meant words or slogans that a DJ would say over the music to encourage dancers. These words spoken over music were related to words spoken over music in rap. Unlike these simple words and slogans that Jamaicans used, the words used over music in rap are more developed. Jamaican disc jockeys talked over the music they played. Music in Jamaica was played at blues dances. Blues dances took place in large halls or slum yards. As toasting popularity increased, so did the lengths of toasts. Shortly after toasting came dubbing. DJs that dubbed cut back and forth between vocal and instrumental tracks while adjusting bass and treble. Rap and toasting both rely on pre recorded sounds. You need a strong beat rapped and a strong beat toasted. Rap relies more on a hard funk strong beat while Jamaicans relied on beat from JamaicanShow MoreRelated Rap Music Is Not Music Essay1786 Words   |  8 PagesRap Music Is Not Music Describing the (disenchanting) chanting of â€Å"Rap Music† as singing or as music is indeed (in either case) a capital misnomer. Real Music is the careful arrangement of organized sounds in the form of notes that then result in a smooth blend of rhythm, tone, and pitch that when united, is quite pleasing to the ear. Rap is not music. The unpleasant-sounding horror is chaotic dissonance and certainly not elegant consonance. Rap is veritable noise pollution that is tastelesslyRead MoreEssay on Rap Music2073 Words   |  9 Pagesoutlet is the loud blaring music coddling his already pent-up rage, an escape from these harsh realities, seducing him to a life of violence. In him is created a â€Å"me against the world† mentality that is manifested in the rap and hip-hop music that dominates his culture. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Among the most common subjects of rap and hip-hop is violence and misogyny. They emphasize these two as inevitable regularities of the life lived in the streets. Their music reflects this fact by promotingRead MoreInside Rap Music Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesInside Rap Music Music, like mass media and television, has such a powerful influence on our society. People think rap music is very negative towards society, which is not the case. Rappers teach people about possible consequences a person may encounter if they choose the same route. Rappers tell their life experience through their songs. Rap music does not influence violence; it educates people on what is going on in the lives of urban people. When someone mentions rap music, the firstRead More Violence In Rap Music Essay2087 Words   |  9 Pages Boom, boom! Boom, boom! The kind of bass that drains batteries and the kind of lyrics that unload clips, these are the sounds that rap music produces. I chose this topic because I am extremely interested in rap music and I want to explore the violent aspect of the industry. I have never had a chance to look at the violent side of it and I plan to find answers to questions I have in my search. Tupac Shakur is one of my favorite artists and when he was shot and killed I really started to take noticeRead More Freedom of Expression and Rap Music Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesare protected under the First Amendment. Rap music should not be restricted on the television despite much controversy over the idea. Bok says that some acts cause debates, although people may disagree with it doesnt mean it should be taken away. There should be no restrictions held against playing of rap music. Music that we listen to constructs the sound track of our lives. The number one killer in creative speech is censorship. Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversyRead MoreHip-hop and Rap Music Essay641 Words   |  3 PagesHip-hop and Rap Music Often times when people hear about Hip Hop/Rap music, theyll paint a picture in their heads of black men cussing, guns, marijuana, lots of gold, and girls looking like prostitutes. Parents and teachers put an image in their kids head that Rap music is bad, and they dont want their kids to be influenced by something that is negative. With the way Rap music is advertised in the US, I would have to agree with that looking at it from an average parents point ofRead More Music Essay - America Needs Rap and Hip Hop1366 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica Needs Rap and Hip Hop Ever since it became popular in the late eighties, hip-hop music has been a target of moral disapproval. Many critics have labeled the music as an offensive, vulgar, misogynist form of expression, which negatively influences its listeners, particularly children. Early in rap musics development concerned citizens and various government officials held protests against the release of certain rap albums. Rap musics opponents demanded strict censorship. ButRead MoreRap Music and the Sexualization of Women Essay2219 Words   |  9 Pagesdance floor in the backyard, the loud, unfamiliar music, and the disco lights. It did not take long for the party to get started. Boys and girls alike started to make their way to the makeshift dance floor, immediately dancing on one another. I was absolutely taken away as girls that I had known for four years bent over and began to press their backsides up against boys, grinding on the boys as if it were an everyday activity as degrading music b lared out of the speakers, as if they were not awareRead MoreNegative Effects of Rap Music Essay932 Words   |  4 Pages Is today â€Å"Gangster rap† and rappers corrupting society, introducing drugs and provoking violence? In the mid-1980s Gangster rap came to be depicting images of violence, guns, gangs, drugs, and sexism. By the 1990s rap music became a major part of the industry and topped the charts. As people began to want different things; different music was created and that contributed to the variety of music that we have today. This is one of the many things that makes AmericaRead MoreEssay about Rap Music and Teen Violence 944 Words   |  4 PagesMusic can be a reflection of our life experiences. Each genre of music invokes different emotions and reactions in its listeners. Rap has become a very popular genre of music. As its popularity has increased, some people have questioned whether it can trigger violence in teens. While some rap songs do have violent lyrics, there is no direct evidence that rap music provokes violence in teenagers. Rap music has African roots just like jazz, the blues and rock ‘n’ roll. African slaves sang songs

Comparison of International Relations Theory free essay sample

Contemporary international relations is a complex field. Understanding events and attempting to make sense of them can be a daunting task. There are, however, tools available, which can assist in providing clarity to these complex issues. The first of these tools is historic knowledge. Without historic background of an issue, it is nearly impossible to understand the events driving that issue in modern times. A second tool, the one which will be the focus of this paper, is international relations theory. Theory can be defined as â€Å"a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action,† (Merriam-Webster) and can be used â€Å"in many cases as a basis of prediction. † (Mingst 56) There are three major theories which we can use to analyze events: liberalism, realism, and constructivism. These theories provide us with different points of view from which to analyze issues in today’s world. By looking at events, both past and present, in the context of a given theory, we can begin to understand those events and the driving forces behind them, as well as to make predictions about future events. The first of these theories, liberalism, is based upon the belief that man is innately good and that social conditions can be improved, paving the way for progress. Liberalism has its roots in â€Å"Enlightenment optimism, nineteenth-century political and economic liberalism, and twentieth-century Wilsonian idealism. † (Mingst 60) Liberalism sees man as rational, and through rationalism, society flourishes. Liberalism views the state not as an individual on the international stage, but as a member of a larger international community. Liberalism argues that war is not a part of human nature, and that it is brought on by the corruption of institutions. As such, liberalism posits that war can be avoided through reformation of the corrupt institutions, and through mutual cooperation among nations, which is in the self-interest of each nation. â€Å"According to liberal thinking, the expansion of human freedom is best achieved in democracies and through market capitalism. † (Mingst 60) By way of free market and free trade, nations form dependencies upon one another, contributing to the deterrence of war. Liberals believe in international institutions as a means to mediate differences and ensure the avoidance of war. This is achieved through international laws, courts and treaties among nations. In keeping with the theme of multinational cooperation, liberalism does not allow for the use of force in the self-interest of the nation, but through â€Å"fights for right and good, devoid of raw national interest. † (Krauthammer) This, of course, does not rule out the use of force in self-defense, but in the self-interest of the nation â€Å"shaping the international environment by projecting power abroad to secure economic, political, and strategic goods. (Krauthammer) Such use of force would contradict the tenets of inherently good human nature and multinational cooperation. The second of these theories is realism. Realism looks at the world stage, not as a cooperative international community, but as a series of individual states acting on their own behalf, in the interest of self -preservation. Realism views the international system as a system of anarchy, leading states to depend only upon themselves. In this anarchic system, states have the right to self-preservation, and the system’s stability rests upon a balance of power. While recognizing the participation of international institutions, realism views them as unimportant since the state is the primary agent in the political arena. While individuals may participate in the decision making process of the state, decisions are carried out in a unified manner. Realism believes in the rationalism of man, and argues that â€Å"rational decision-making leads to the pursuit of the national interest. † (Mingst, 64) For realists, state security is a primary concern. The state must protect itself from foreign and domestic enemies, and this is achieved through â€Å"increasing its domestic capacities, building up its economic prowess, and forming alliances with other states based on similar interests. † (Mingst, 64) Realism blames war not on the corruption of social institutions, but the notion that â€Å"humans are basically power seeking and self-absorbed. † (Mingst, 65) Constructivism, the third theory, is a fairly new theory, which has â€Å"returned scholars to the foundational questions, including the nature of the state and the concepts of sovereignty and citizenship. (Mingst, 72) The principles of the theory are not clearly defined, and its qualification as a theory is questioned by some. However, constructivists do agree that the world is too complicated to be summed by one central theory. Constructivists believe that the actions of the state are driven by â€Å"elite beliefs, identities, and social norms†. (Mingst, 72) These factors determine the interests of the state, and these factors are, in turn, subject to change as a result of various influences. In essence, the state is a product of its environment. Constructivists agree with the notion that power is important to the state. However, constructivists have different ideas as to what power is, and strive to find different sources of power. The differences between liberalism and realism are easily defined. Where liberalism views the individual as inherently good, realism views the individual as greedy and egoistic. To liberalism, the state is a functioning member of an international community, in much the same way that an individual is a functioning member of his respective community. Realism on the other hand, sees the state as a power hungry individual in an unstructured international system. While liberalism believes war to be avoidable through education, reformation of social institutions, and shared interests with other nations, realism finds war to be an unavoidable consequence of the self-preservation of the state. Liberalism sees the potential for and desires change, while realism finds change unlikely. Both theories agree on the principle that the international system is anarchic in nature. However, whereas realism relies on a balance of power to keep the system in check, liberalism does so through cooperation of international institutions and mutual interest of various states. In understanding international relations and world events, understanding the theories and principles through which to view these events is a good start. However, it is also important to ask yourself how you intend to use the theory. These theories can be applied to contemporary situations in order to understand the actions and reactions of various parties relevant to a specific issue. The theories can also be used to look at current events and attempt to predict future events. Another use for the theories is to apply them to past events, in an attempt to explain and understand why the events happened, and why various parties, or states, executed certain decisions. For an example of applying theory to a past event, we can look to the Gulf War of 1991. From the historic record, we know that Saddam Hussein ordered Iraqi forces into Kuwait in 1990, and essentially annexed the country. The United Nations responded with various diplomatic options, including trade embargos and economic sanctions, in an attempt to oust the Iraqi military from Kuwait without the use of force. In the end, however, the diplomatic options were exhausted, and in January of 1991, a US-led coalition entered Kuwait and drove the Iraqi military out of the tiny country. With regard to the United States, we can apply the principles of the theory of liberalism to understand the decisions that were made. The US acted in concert with the United Nations, and allowed for the diplomatic options to be exhausted before resorting to military force. This is in keeping with the liberalism principle of avoiding war through the cooperation of international institutions. In the end, when the option of military force was put into play, it was done so with the cooperation and support of a myriad of nations around the world. Additionally, the ultimate use of force can be explained not as an act of aggression on the part of the United States, but as retaliation against the aggressive act of another nation. Therefore, from the standpoint of liberalism, the US can be seen as having used military force not to protect its own interests, but in the interest of the liberty of another nation, with full support and cooperation from the international community. Conversely, while realism does not rely on international institutions, it does recognize the role played by these institutions. Additionally, we know that the US had an interest in the stability of the Middle East due to its reliance on Middle Eastern oil. Therefore, from a realist standpoint, it can be said that the cooperation and support of the international community was simply a favorable outcome for the US, but that the motivation for US military action was actually the defense of its interests in the region. In this case, the US would have been acting purely out of its own interests. In addition, in conjunction with the oil interest, it was in the interest of the US to maintain the balance of power and stability in the Middle East, as well as to protect its strategic allies in the region. Therefore, with Iraq already having invaded one oil producing country, and the threat of an invasion of Saudi Arabia, a major oil producer and regional ally, it was in US national interest to intervene. This is in keeping with the realist line of thinking that man is greedy, and that the state should act in the interest of self-preservation. As we can see, in this application, the liberalist and realist points of view have some common goalsnamely, the liberation of Kuwait. However, the motivations for those goals and the desired end states range from slightly different to completely different. The constructivist standpoint, however, is a little more ambiguous. Constructivists don’t view the international system, anarchic or otherwise, as the driving force behind foreign policy. Rather, policy is driven by the beliefs of the elite and social identity. Our way of life is our social identity. In other words, our social identity, simply put, is oil. Therefore, from the constructivist point of view, intervention on the behalf of Kuwait was a necessary means to protecting our way of life. The constructivist interest, like that of the realist, was oil. However, the reasons for the oil interest are quite different. In conclusion, there are several different ways to interpret various events. One of the methods by which we can attempt to make sense of these events is the use of international relations theory. The three major theories used in this process are liberalism, realism and constructivism. The application of these theories allows us to understand the actions and motivations of various players involved in these events, whether past or present, as well as to predict future events.